netcdf files/d633009/tpdc.gmcp.prate/200305/tpdc.gmcp.prate.2003052200_2003052223.nc {
  dimensions:
    time = UNLIMITED;   // (24 currently)
    lon = 3600;
    lat = 1800;
  variables:
    int time(time=24);
      :long_name = "time";
      :standard_name = "time";
      :short_name = "time";
      :units = "hours since 1900-01-01 00:00:00";
      :calendar = "gregorian";
      :_ChunkSizes = 1024U; // uint

    int utc_datetime_int(time=24);
      :long_name = "datetime \'yyyy-mm-dd hh:00:00 UTC\' represented as int \'yyyymmddhh\'";
      :short_name = "utc_datetime_int";
      :calendar = "gregorian";
      :_ChunkSizes = 1024U; // uint

    String utc_datetime_str(time=24);
      :long_name = "datetime represented as string \'yyyy-mm-dd hh:00:00 UTC\'";
      :short_name = "utc_datetime_str";
      :calendar = "gregorian";
      :_ChunkSizes = 512U; // uint

    float lon(lon=3600);
      :long_name = "longitude";
      :standard_name = "longitude";
      :short_name = "lon";
      :units = "degrees_east";

    float prate(time=24, lat=1800, lon=3600);
      :_FillValue = 9.999E20f; // float
      :standard_name = "precipitation_flux";
      :long_name = "Surface Precipitation Rate";
      :short_name = "Rain Rate";
      :tpdc_gmcp_name = "rain_rate";
      :units = "mm h-1";
      :units_explicit = "millimeters per hour";
      :cell_methods = "time: sum (interval: 1 hour comment: 00:00:00-01:00:00, 01:00:00-02:00:00, ..., 23:00:00-24:00:00; i.e. \'time\' to \'time + 1\')";
      :_ChunkSizes = 1U, 900U, 1800U; // uint

    float lat(lat=1800);
      :long_name = "latitude";
      :standard_name = "latitude";
      :short_name = "lat";
      :units = "degrees_north";

  // global attributes:
  :title = "GMCP: A fully Global multi-source Merging-and-Calibration Precipitation dataset";
  :summary = "Current global multi-source merged precipitation datasets can facilitate better utilization of the complementary nature of gauge-, satellite-, and reanalysis-based precipitation estimates, particularly for capturing precipitation variability. However, merging these datasets at high resolutions of 1-hourly and 0.1 degree on a full global scale remains a substantial challenge for the scientific community owing to high spatiotemporal heterogeneities. This study proposed a merging-and-calibration framework to optimally integrate the advantages of gauge-, satellite-, and model-based precipitation estimates, focusing on precipitation occurrences and providing a new fully Global multi-source Merging-and-Calibration Precipitation dataset (GMCP: 1-hourly, 0.1 degree, global, 2000-Present). The main conclusions included: (1) GMCP generally outperformed the input datasets, ERA5-Land, GSMaP-MVK, and IMERG-Late, across various spatiotemporal scales, both in regional statistics and extreme precipitation systems; (2) GMCP significantly outperformed IMERG-Final, calibrated by gauge analysis at the monthly scale, with the improvements in correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), and Heidke skill score (HSS) by approximately 66.67%, 39.25%, and 26.83%, respectively, from 2016 to 2020 over the Continental United States (CONUS); (3) compared to the state-of-the-art multi-source merged product with a daily gauge correction scheme, MSWEP V2 (3-hourly and 0.1 degree), GMCP demonstrated the notable improvements with an approximately 20% enhancement in accurately capturing the precipitation occurrences against approximately 67,000 rain gauges over Mainland China in 2016; (4) in comparison to another well-known multi-source merged quasi-global daily and 0.05 degree precipitation product, CHIPRS integrating the gauge-, satellite-, and reanalysis-based precipitation estimates, GMCP also demonstrated the notable improvements at the daily scale, achieving the increases in CC, RMSE, and HSS by around 57.45%, 38.18%, and 75.76%, respectively, against approximately 67,000 rain gauges over Mainland China in 2016; and (5) this framework was suitable for generating the fully global precipitation datasets at 1-hourly and 0.1 degree scales, significantly mitigating the inherent shortcomings of each input dataset, with GMCP demonstrating the great potential as a valuable resource for worldwide scientific research and societal applications.";
  :data_provider = "National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC)";
  :tpdc_description = "The National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC) is one of the first of 20 national data centers established in 2019 by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance of the People\'s Republic of China. It is the only data center in China with the most complete scientific data for the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. TPDC is hosted bythe Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences (ITPCAS), with support from Lanzhou University, Beijing Normal University, and Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ITPCAS also hosts the Third Pole Environment (TPE) International Program Office.";
  :tpdc_host_location = "Building 3, No.16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing";
  :tpdc_website = "https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en";
  :tpdc_gmcp_homepage = "https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/data/b747a341-461d-4d1b-8209-f79dc964baaf";
  :tpcd_gmcp_journal_publication = "Ma, Z.Q., Xu, J.T., Dong, B., Hu, X., Hu, H., Yan, S.Y., Zhu, S.Y., He, K., Shi, Z., Chen, Y., Fang, X., Zhang, Q.H., Gu, S.Y., & Weng, F.Z. (2025). GMCP: A Fully Global Multisource Merging-and-Calibration Precipitation Dataset (1-Hourly, 0.1 degree, Global, 2000-Present). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 106.4: E596-E624.  DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0051.1";
  :tpcd_gmcp_data_publication = "Ma, Z. (2025). GMCP: A fully Global multi-source Merging-and-Calibration Precipitation dataset (1-hourly, 0.1 degree, global, 2000-Present). National Tibetan Plateau / Third Pole Environment Data Center.                                 https://doi.org/10.11888/Atmos.tpdc.301878  or  https://cstr.cn/18406.11.Atmos.tpdc.301878.";
  :tpcd_gmcp_program_sponsors = "1. National Key Research and Development Program of China: Research on Atmospheric Ocean Integrated Parameter Retrieval and Application Based on Domestic Rapid Radiation Transmission Mode (2021YFB3900400);  2. National Science and Technology Major Project of China: Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Programme (STEP) (2019QZKK0000)";
  :tpcd_gmcp_intellectual_property_rights = "To respect the intellectual property rights, protect the rights of data authors, expand services of the data center, and evaluate the application potential of data, data users should clearly indicate the source of the data and the author of the data in the research results generated by using the data (including published papers, articles, data products, and unpublished research reports, data products and other results). For re-posting (second or multiple releases) data, the author must also indicate the source of the original data. An example acknowledgement statement is as follows: The datasetis provided by National Tibetan Plateau / Third Pole Environment Data Center (http://data.tpdc.ac.cn).";
  :tpcd_gmcp_license_agreement = "Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)";
  :tpdc_ftp_server = "ftp2.tpdc.ac.cn";
  :tpdc_ftp_port = "6201";
  :tpdc_ftp_files = "2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_00.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_01.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_02.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_03.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_04.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_05.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_06.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_07.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_08.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_09.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_10.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_11.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_12.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_13.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_14.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_15.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_16.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_17.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_18.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_19.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_20.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_21.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_22.nc, 2003/GMCP_2003_05_22_23.nc";
  :gdex_download_specialist = "David Stepaniak, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado 80307, davestep@ucar.edu";
  :gdex_processing_specialist = "David Stepaniak, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado 80307, davestep@ucar.edu";
  :gdex_processing_summary = "Hourly TPDC GMCP netCDF files (see \'tpdc_ftp_files\' global atribute) containing only (lat,lon) grids were downloaded from ftp2.tpdc.ac.cn with wget and ingested with the Python netCDF4 module and read into an empty numpy float32 array with dimensions (time,lat,lon) in which the time dimension is of length 24 spanning 1 day with hours 00 to 23. The precipitation rate (rain_rate) is the sum of surface precipitation for the time spanning \'time\' to \'time + 1\' (1 hour) with units mm h-1 (millimeters per hour). Extensive CF-compliant metadata and descriptive global attributes, especially regarding provenance, were added. There were 6 TPDC GMCP ftp files of zero size; GDEX grids with _FillValue values were substituted for these files. See the \'tpdc_ftp_files_zero_size_GDEX_grid_set_to__FillValue\' global attribute. In addition, there were 7 days containing at least 1 hour of suspect data; see the \'gdex_quality_control_flagged_days\' global attribute.";
  :tpdc_ftp_files_zero_size_GDEX_grid_set_to__FillValue = "GMCP_2001_01_08_08.nc, GMCP_2001_05_09_01.nc, GMCP_2001_05_23_18.nc, GMCP_2001_06_15_11.nc, GMCP_2001_06_27_04.nc, GMCP_2001_07_21_14.nc";
  :gdex_quality_control_flagged_days = "2001-03-11, 2001-05-24, 2001-07-01, 2001-08-07, 2001-10-18, 2001-11-22, 2001-12-28";
  :gdex_python_version = "3.12.8";
  :unidata_netcdf4_lib_module = "netCDF4";
  :unidata_netcdf4_lib_module_url = "https://unidata.github.io/netcdf4-python/";
  :unidata_netcdf4_lib_version = "4.9.2 of Oct  4 2024 15:28:43 $";
  :Conventions = "CF-1.13";
  :numpy_lib_module = "numpy";
  :numpy_lib_url = "https://numpy.org/";
  :numpy_lib_version = "1.26.4";
  :gdex_processing_facility = "NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center (NWSC)";
  :gdex_processing_address = "8120 Veta Dr, Cheyenne, WY 82009";
  :gdex_processing_platform = "Linux crlogin2 6.4.0-150600.23.81-default #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Thu Nov 27 06:14:10 UTC 2025 (74497c6) x86_64 x86_64";
  :gdex_processing_datetime = "Mon Jul 20 19:16:35 MDT 2026";
  :gdex_datset_title = "GMCP: A fully Global Multi-Source Merging-and-Calibration Precipitation Dataset";
  :gdex_datset_url = "https://gdex.ucar.edu/datasets/d633009/";
  :gdex_datset_doi = "10.5065/W8PZ-2P07";
  :gdex_related_dataset_title = "ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present (GDEX Subset)";
  :gdex_related_dataset_url = "https://gdex.ucar.edu/datasets/d633008/";
  :gdex_related_dataset_doi = "10.5065/SNVE-T250";
  :gdex_alias_formatted_ncdump_tcshrc = "alias ncdumpf \"ncdump -h \\!:2 | fmt -s -w \\!:1 | egrep --color \':?[a-zA-Z0-9_]+ =|\'\"   # Remove any backslashes preceding each single or double quote. Remove one backslash preceding each !.  Example use: \'ncdumpf 100 ncfile.nc\' produces a 100 character wide formatted and highlighted output of \'ncdump -h ncfile.nc\'.";
  :gdex_alias_formatted_ncdump_bashrc = "ncdumpf(){ file=$2; width=$1; ncdump -h $file | fmt -w $width -s | egrep --color \':?[a-zA-Z0-9_]+ =|$\'; }   # Remove any backslashes preceding each single quote. Example use: \'ncdumpf 100 ncfile.nc\' produces a 100 character wide formatted and highlighted output of \'ncdump -h ncfile.nc\'.";
  :gdex_license_agreement = "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License";
}